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Contents
Book tickets to the Panthéon
Architecture of the Panthéon
Facade
- The Panthéon’s façade is a striking neoclassical feature, drawing inspiration from ancient Roman architecture, particularly the Pantheon in Rome.
- Columns: The grand façade is defined by 22 massive Corinthian columns (12 in front and 10 along the sides), each made of limestone. The Corinthian order is characterized by ornate, leafy capitals that add grandeur. Characterized by its elegant fluted columns, ornate capitals adorned with acanthus leaves, and intricate detailing, the Corinthian order enhances the neoclassical beauty of this historic monument.
- Pediment: Above the columns is a triangular pediment, a triangular gable, typically found in classical architecture, that forms the top of a building's entrance or portico, adorned with a sculptural relief. This pediment is typical of classical temples and reinforces the classical theme of the building.
- The entrance to the Panthéon is framed by the columns, which create a monumental portal leading into the interior.
Dome
- The most iconic feature of the Panthéon’s exterior is its dome, which rises 83 meters (272 feet) above the ground.
- The dome has a double shell structure: the outer dome is the visible, larger one, while the inner dome is smaller and provides structural integrity.
- The drum of the dome is punctuated by large, round windows (called oculi), which let natural light flood the interior, illuminating the space.
- The dome's design was revolutionary for its time, using a complex system of supports and architectural ingenuity to ensure stability while maintaining a sense of lightness and elegance.
Structural innovation
- Double Dome construction: One of the most impressive engineering features of the Panthéon is the double dome system. This was one of the earliest uses of this technique in France and allowed for an elegant, visually light dome while maintaining structural strength.
- Flying buttresses: To support the massive dome, Soufflot used a series of flying buttresses (arches that transfer the weight to the outer walls), which help distribute the weight and ensure the stability of the structure.
- Use of stone: The Panthéon was constructed primarily from limestone, a material that is both strong and aesthetically pleasing. The building’s strength and durability were ensured by the careful choice of materials, as well as its careful engineering.
Symbolism and iconography
- The Panthéon was designed to be both a temple and a mausoleum, combining elements of religious architecture with the secular ideals of the French Revolution.
- The Dome symbolizes the connection between heaven and earth, an homage to both the divine and the human achievements represented by the individuals buried here.
- The columns, pediments, and arches, all draw inspiration from ancient Roman and Greek temples, reinforcing the idea that the Panthéon was a monument to the greatness of France.
- The mosaics and paintings inside the building celebrate French history, particularly focusing on figures who contributed to the Enlightenment, science, literature, and politics.
Renovations and modifications
- In the 19th century, the dome was reinforced due to concerns about its structural stability.
- After being secularized during the French Revolution, it was no longer a church and began its role as a mausoleum.
- In the 20th century, additional restoration work was done on the frescoes and other elements to preserve its status.
Frequently asked questions about the inside of the Panthéon
Who decided who would be buried in the Panthéon?
The decision to bury someone in the Panthéon is made by the French government.
What is the significance of the Panthéon’s Dome?
The dome of the Panthéon is structurally innovative—it was one of the first to have a double shell design. The upper dome is visible from the outside, while the inner dome supports it, creating a lighter structure.
Is the Panthéon aligned with the stars?
Yes, the Panthéon’s alignment with the cosmos is deliberate. The building was designed with astronomical principles in mind, and it’s been suggested that the dome's shape and placement align with celestial bodies in certain ways. The Panthéon also serves as an astronomical observatory during the spring and autumn equinoxes.
How are the tombs arranged inside the Panthéon?
The tombs in Panthéon’s crypt are arranged in a circular pattern with the most significant figures situated around the perimeter. This symbolic arrangement reflects the circle of French history. Some tombs are more elaborate than others, such as Victor Hugo’s or Jean Moulin’s, which have monumental statues or plaques to honor their contributions.
Can you visit the Panthéon’s dome?
Yes, visitors can climb to the top of the Panthéon (276 steps) for a panoramic view of Paris. From the top, you can see major landmarks like the Eiffel Tower, Notre-Dame, and Montmartre. The climb also offers a closer look at the dome's architectural details.